北京市永定河沙地不同土地利用类型风蚀规律研究

选取北京市永定河沙地4种不同土地利用类型(耕地、林地、荒草地、河滩地)作为试验地,对不同下垫面的起沙风速、下垫粗糙度、输沙量、风沙流结构、土壤机械组成、土壤风蚀量进行研究。结果表明:1)不同利用类型起沙风速及粗糙度大小顺序为:林地>荒草地>耕地>稀疏荒草地>河滩地;2)不同下垫面在相同风速时的输沙量明显不同,近地面0～20cm随高度增加输沙率逐渐减少,不同下垫面的风沙流结构垂直分布明显不同;3)河滩地和稀疏荒草地的机械组成主要以细沙为主;耕地、林地、荒草地主要由细沙、极细沙以及粉沙组成。4)不同利用类型在相同时间内风蚀量与风积量不同;5)建议对区域风沙治理主要从两个方面进行:提高未利用地的植被覆盖度;改变农业耕作技术措施。     

黄河三角洲地区湿地自然保护区管理与城镇绿化对策

为更好地保护利用黄河三角洲的湿地资源,对保护区自然与资源现状进行了全面分析,结合黄河三角洲地区的自然条件,就湿地自然保护区管理与城镇绿化问题进行了探讨,认为黄河三角洲湿地自然保护区的开发应坚持保护为主,保护与开发相结合的原则,在不破坏自然生态系统的前提下,适当发展旅游业、种植业、养殖业.全面保护自然资源和自然环境,重点保护湿地生态系统和珍稀、濒危鸟类.在城镇绿化中,注意选用耐盐树种和进行微域改土,加强庭院绿化增加居民收入.     

浑河源地区野生动物资源调查研究

经过近10a的调查研究，基本查清了浑河源地区野生动物资源的种类构成。文章分析了其种群数量变化趋势，提出了该地区野生动物资源保护和利用建议，并对固定样地调查技术在野生动物资源调查中的应用进行了探讨。     

湘中丘陵区"长防林"生态效益研究初报

通过对湘中丘陵区长江防护林生态效益的定位观测，分别对小流域小气候、坡面产流量、产沙量及输沙率的分析、对林地最大涵水能力及保土效果进行了探讨。     

长江流域湿地资源现状及其保护对策探讨

根据第二次全国湿地资源调查成果,分析了长江流域上游、中游和下游的湿地资源及其湿地保护现状,重点论述了长江流域内国际重要湿地和国家重要湿地的分布数量、湿地面积、保护形式等情况,同时通过对流域内423个重要湿地受威胁状况及其影响面积的调查分析,总结了长江流域湿地面临的主要威胁,探讨了长江流域湿地保护对策,旨在为长江流域湿地保护与综合治理策略研究将提供参考。     

石羊河流域荒漠化综合防治

50年来石羊河流域荒漠化正在加剧发展。存在的主要问题有；（1）割裂客体系统之间的必然联系，没有从系统的角度管理荒漠生态系统。（2）大面积打井开荒是当是生态退化的关键。（3）治沙措施散件得不到优化组合，其功能得不到充分发挥。（4）措施散件缺乏定量描述，可操作性差。（5）管理方面的不合作行为是荒漠化防治事倍功半的关键。（6）生态发展的惯性原因。解决问题的关键点是：（1）合理利用水资源是中心。（2）综合防治是根本出路。（3）建立科学而严格的管理责任追究机制是根本保证。（4）开发利用非生态资源是减轻人口对生态环境的压力的有效途径。     

扬州市邗江低湿江滩地林农复合构建模式早期经济效益研究

对江苏省扬州市邗江渔业乡低湿江滩地构建的4类16种林农复合模式的经济效益评估结果表明,意大利杨与菊苣、意大利杨与荩草、意大利杨与苏丹草、意大利杨与银杏苗、意大利杨与棕榈、意大利杨与莲、水杉与药用蚂蝗、水杉与精鱼等8种复合模式是低湿江滩地开发经济效益高的优良构建模式;围网养殖尤其是船带网箱移动养殖长江水特产品是江滩水面资源开发利用的高效特色模式。认为滩地开发应在巩固“八五”绿化滩地,营建抑螺防病林成果的基础上,引进新树种,新种植、养殖优良生物品种,用新技术进行优化配置,以优化现有湿地森林结构,创立体现沿江湿地林渔特色的“多物种、多功能、多效益”人工林系统,建设观光林网,观光渔业,滨江湿地森林生态旅游村,进一步促进江滩湿地资源深度开发及沿江农村经济与社会可持续发展。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

锦江鱼类资源现状与物种多样性分析

2013年8月—2016年8月对沅江水系支流锦江的鱼类资源现状进行了调查。通过向渔民购买、现场捕捞等方式,共调查野生鱼类43种,隶属于5目11科39属,其中鲤科鱼类25种,占总种类数的58.1%。调查到新记录种5种,分别为大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)、吻(Rhinogobio typus)、洞庭华鲮(Sinilabeo tungting)、云南盘(Discogobio yunnanensis)和大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)。干、支流均以底层鱼类为主,种类数分别占各自总数的55.8%和71.4%。对比历史资料,G-F多样性指数呈下降趋势。对干流渔获物种类的周年统计发现,出现频率在50%以上的鱼类有8种,其中泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和鲇(Silurus asotus)的出现频率均达到97.3%。     

Implications of piscine predator control on the federally listed fountain darter

One strategy for protecting the federally listed fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola (Jordan & Gilbert), during low flow conditions is the removal of piscine carnivores [in this case, largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède)]. However, headwater spring communities of the Comal and San Marcos rivers include another potential predator [red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard)]. Removal of piscine carnivores could produce cascading effects by increasing crayfish consumption of benthic fish. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if piscine carnivore removal will lessen predatory pressure or induce a trophic cascade with crayfish increasing and causing declines in fountain darter. The numbers of fountain darter consumed were quantified among three predator treatments (red swamp crayfish only, largemouth bass only and red swamp crayfish and largemouth bass combined) and vegetation treatments (vegetated and non‐vegetated) at three temperature regimes (18, 22, 27°C). Vegetation had no effect on fountain darter predation. Among temperature trials, largemouth bass only and red swamp crayfish and largemouth bass combined consumed similar numbers of fountain darter, and red swamp crayfish only consumed the least numbers of fountain darter, except at 22°C. Largemouth bass did not consume more red swamp crayfish than fountain darter. Therefore, largemouth bass removal appears to be a viable option for reducing fountain darter predation during periods of low flow.